Wheat News - 12 Sep 2024

Bulgaria and Romania - Bulgaria And Romania Lead Soft Wheat Exports With 1.72M Tons
EU - Eu Wheat Futures Reach €225 Amid Supply Concerns
EU - Eu Soft Wheat Forecast Drops To 114.4 Million Tons, Prices Rise
EU - Perennial Wheat Kernza Yields 20% Of Annual Wheat, Eu Approval
France - Terrena Mobilizes €11 Million Amid French Cereal Sector Challenges
France - Wheat Production Declines 2024 While Sunflower Cultivation Surges
Germany - Andreas Wöhrle Reports Worst Harvest Since 1990 With 55 Double Centners
Italy - 41 Varieties Tested; Italy'S Durum Wheat Imports Up 9.62%
Italy - 25% Organic Farming In Marche, Italy At 18-19% Overall
Poland - Corn Moisture 22-25%; Wheat Prices Rise €3 To €223/T
Romania - Russians Strike Grain Carrier 55 Km From Romania'S Coast
Russia - Altai Region Faces 20% Harvest Delay; Krasnoyarsk Sees 30-
Switzerland - Switzerland Sees Higher Import Demand Due To Weak Harvests
UK - Cheer Approved As First New Group 1 Wheat With 13% Protein
Ukraine - Ukraine'S Wheat Stocks At 18.7 Million Tons, Prices Set To Rise
Ukraine - Wheat Prices Surge 2.2% To $5.9175 After Ukraine Strike
Ukraine - Russia Strikes Grain Ship Carrying 40,000 Tons To Egypt

India - Madhya Pradesh Offers Extra Grain For Ration Cardholders
Indonesia - Uksw Introduces Wheat-Based Rice Alternative For Mbg Program
Kazakhstan - Kazakhstan Harvests Nearly 8 Million Tons Of Grain
Turkey - Turkey Introduces New Plant Production Support Model For 2025-2027
Turkey - Tmo Grain Sales Start September 12, Prices 11,450 Tl Wheat
Turkey - Kavilca Wheat Harvest Begins With 170 Producers Cultivating 4,350 Decares
Turkey - Turkey'S Agriculture Gdp Reaches $68.5 Billion, Prices Rise
United Arab Emirates - Sharjah Distributes 15 Tons Of Wheat Seeds To 800 Farmers

Argentina - Argentina'S Hb4 Gmo Wheat Now Available After 54,000 Hectares
Argentina - Argentina Remains Key Wheat Exporter Amid Global Competition Challenges
Brazil - 2024 Harvest Sees Increased Production Of Cotton, Beans, Rice, Wheat
Brazil - August Estimates Indicate 6.0% Decline In 2024 Harvest
Brazil - 25% Wheat Maturation In Ijuí, Brazil'S Production Down 4.3%
Brazil - Brazil'S Grain Production Estimated At 298.41 Million Tons
Canada - Manitoba Wheat Reports Mixed Fusarium Levels Affecting Crop Quality
U.S. - Perennial Wheat Kernza Yields 20% Of Annual Wheat Урожай
U.S. - Large Carry-Over Sales Boost U.S. Grain Exports, Record Yields
US - Us Wheat Output Steady; Global Production Projected To Decline
USA - Wheat Futures Hit Highest Price Since July At $5.9175
United States - Bioceres Commits To U.S. Wheat Development After Usda Approval

Egypt - Gasc Rumored To Buy Wheat Privately, Details Unconfirmed
Egypt - Occupied Vessel Carrying 10,000 Tons Of Wheat Struck By Missile
Egypt - Egypt Buys 430,000 Tons Of Russian Wheat At $233 Each
Zimbabwe - Afc Boosts Zimbabwe Wheat Harvesting; 20,000 Tonnes Expected

World - September Wasde Anticipates Historically Large Crop Yields
World - Wheat Seeds Sales Market Projected Growth At X.X% Cagr By 2026
World - Wheat Farmers Innovate Amid 8.1 Billion Global Population Challenges
World - Wheat Production Threatened By 69 Million Tons By 2050

Russia - Kursk Region Analyzes New Grain Harvest Quality In Laboratories
Russia - Russia Maintains 60 Million Tons Grain Export Forecast
Russia - Scientists Boost Crop Yields By Over 50% To 63%

Australia - Australia'S Wheat Harvest Expected At 31.83 Million Tons, Up 23%

Bulgaria and Romania - Bulgaria And Romania Lead Soft Wheat Exports With 1.72M Tons
In recent years, Bulgaria and Romania have emerged as the largest exporters of soft wheat. From July 1 to September 8, 2024, Romania exported 1.72 million tons, followed by Lithuania (620,000 tons), Bulgaria (550,000 tons), and Germany and France (both 500,000 tons). Romania also leads in barley and corn exports within the EU.(Бургас по русски)

EU - Eu Wheat Futures Reach €225 Amid Supply Concerns
Euronext wheat futures reached a one-month high of 225.50 euros ($248.29) per metric ton, rising for three consecutive days due to supply concerns after a missile strike on a Black Sea grain vessel. Egypt's purchase of 430,000 tons of Russian wheat and reduced EU soft wheat production forecasts contributed to the price increase.(XM | MarineLink | Terre-net)

EU - Eu Soft Wheat Forecast Drops To 114.4 Million Tons, Prices Rise
Strategie Grains has reduced its 2024 EU soft wheat production forecast to 114.4 million tons, the lowest in 12 years, down 10% year-on-year. France's harvest is estimated at 25 million tons, the lowest since 1983. Meanwhile, wheat prices rose nearly 2 euros to 188 euros per ton, with corn increasing by 0.4 euros to 146 euros.(Yahoo Finanzas | Agronews Castilla y León)

EU - Perennial Wheat Kernza Yields 20% Of Annual Wheat, Eu Approval
Perennial wheat, or Kernza, is being studied as a sustainable alternative to annual crops, yielding 20% less than traditional wheat. It enhances soil microbiome diversity and needs less water and chemicals. Research indicates potential for improvement in 30-50 years. Kernza is approved for food in the U.S., while European approval is still pending.(TU Graz | APA-Science)

France - Terrena Mobilizes €11 Million Amid French Cereal Sector Challenges
The French cereal sector is experiencing market volatility and production challenges, significantly impacting farmers and the economy. In response to the worst wheat harvest in 40 years, cooperative Terrena launched an €11 million support plan for growers, including deferred payments and compensation for drying costs, to aid the transition to the 2025 campaign.(Terre Dauphinoise | Réussir | Réussir | L'Agriculture Dromoise)

France - Wheat Production Declines 2024 While Sunflower Cultivation Surges
Wheat production is declining in Puy-de-Dôme while sunflower cultivation is increasing. Wheat prices rose slightly on Euronext amid concerns over Russian production. Grain prices are stabilizing after a rebound, with U.S. wheat reaching a two-month high. Additionally, grain prices are rising on Euronext due to the euro's decline, as of September 11, 2024.(Semeur Hebdo | Réussir | La France Agricole | La France Agricole)

Germany - Andreas Wöhrle Reports Worst Harvest Since 1990 With 55 Double Centners
Andreas Wöhrle's harvest of winter barley and winter wheat has resulted in significant losses this year. He reports a yield of only 55 double centners of barley, down from the normal 80, and 65 double centners of wheat, below the usual 85 to 90. This is the worst yield since he became farm manager in 1990.(SWP)

Italy - 41 Varieties Tested; Italy'S Durum Wheat Imports Up 9.62%
In 2024, 41 durum wheat varieties were tested, with Antalis leading all regions. Anvergur topped the Center-North with an index of 120. Italy's durum wheat imports rose 9.62% to 1.35 million tons, while total cereal imports increased 14.7% to 1.66 million tons. The net currency balance was -€1.46 billion.(Informatore Agrario | Agricultura.it)

Italy - 25% Organic Farming In Marche, Italy At 18-19% Overall
The Marche region of Italy has reached 25% of its agricultural land in organic farming, surpassing the national average of 18-19%. A conference on September 9 highlighted the development of new wheat varieties and the need for a robust organic grain supply chain, with over 50 industry professionals participating in discussions on innovative techniques.(Capocronaca | Marcheinfinite)

Poland - Corn Moisture 22-25%; Wheat Prices Rise €3 To €223/T
Corn harvests are increasing with moisture levels at 22-25%. Wet corn prices range from 410-500 PLN/t, while wheat prices rose by 10-20 PLN/t to 930 PLN/t. December wheat contracts increased by €3 to €223/t due to the WASDE report. Ukraine's grain stocks fell to 18.7 million tons from 20 million. Rapeseed and corn prices also rose.(Farmer.pl | Wiadomości Rolnicze)

Romania - Russians Strike Grain Carrier 55 Km From Romania'S Coast
A Russian missile hit the Aya grain carrier 55 km from Romania's coast on November 11-12, damaging the vessel while it was en route from Ukraine to Egypt. The incident raises concerns over grain exports and regional security as global food prices remain high, potentially affecting supply chains and markets further.(Ukrainska Pravda | Daily Sabah)

Russia - Altai Region Faces 20% Harvest Delay; Krasnoyarsk Sees 30-
The Altai region has a 20% harvest delay, collecting 2.1 million tons of crops by September 9, with only 32% of grain and legumes harvested. In the Krasnoyarsk region, prolonged rains have caused a 30-40% wheat loss, impacting 15 districts. Over 40% of the harvest is collected, with a regional meeting planned for Monday.(Алтайская правда | 7 канал Красноярск)

Switzerland - Switzerland Sees Higher Import Demand Due To Weak Harvests
Switzerland is expected to have a higher import demand due to weak harvests. Meanwhile, the grain market in southern Germany remains quiet, with neighboring countries and feed mills generating some business activity.(agrarzeitung online)

UK - Cheer Approved As First New Group 1 Wheat With 13% Protein
Cheer is the first new Group 1 wheat variety approved in seven years for the 2024-25 season, with disease resistance ratings of 7.4 against yellow rust and 6.0 against Septoria tritici. It has a 13% protein level and the highest untreated yield among Group 1 varieties, offering flexibility in planting and revitalizing the Group 1 market.(FarmersWeekly | FarmingUK)


Ukraina - Ukraine'S Wheat Stocks At 18.7 Million Tons, Prices Set To Rise
Ukraine's wheat stocks are at 18.7 million tons as of September 1, below the usual 20 million. Export is capped at 16.2 million tons, with a monthly rate of 2 million tons expected until March-April. Analysts predict a price increase to $200-205 per ton for third-grade wheat by late September due to low supply and global factors.(Agroprofil)

Ukraine - Wheat Prices Surge 2.2% To $5.9175 After Ukraine Strike
Wheat prices surged to a two-month high, rising by 2.2% to $5.9175 per bushel after a Russian missile strike on a grain ship bound for Egypt. The incident heightened supply disruption concerns amid low harvests in Russia and France, with Ukraine's grain exports averaging 7 million tons per month compared to last year.(Антикор | BNN Bloomberg | ONLINE.UA | MarineLink | Ukrainska Pravda | The Edge Malaysia | ГОРДОН | UAZMI - Ukraine News | Корреспондент | Strana.news)

Ukraine - Russia Strikes Grain Ship Carrying 40,000 Tons To Egypt
On September 12, Russian forces attacked a civilian ship carrying 40,000 tons of Ukrainian wheat destined for Egypt in the Black Sea. Fortunately, there were no casualties. President Zelensky emphasized Ukraine's critical role in global food security and condemned the targeting of food supplies, urging international action against such attacks.(Одесса News | Corriere Delle Alpi | ГОРДОН | ZN.UA ("Зеркало недели. Украина") | MSN | Одесская жизнь | Nouvelles Du Monde | НОВОСТИ.dn.ua | Цензор.НЕТ | UA-Футбол | 24 Канал | Факты | Букви | Ukrainska Pravda | Obozrevatel | detikNews)

India - Madhya Pradesh Offers Extra Grain For Ration Cardholders
The Madhya Pradesh government has introduced a new scheme for ration cardholders, providing them with an additional grain alongside wheat and rice. This initiative aims to improve food security and support low-income families. Further details regarding the specific grain and implementation timeline have yet to be announced.(Yashbharat.com)

Indonesia - Uksw Introduces Wheat-Based Rice Alternative For Mbg Program
UKSW has introduced a wheat-based rice alternative as part of the Free Nutritious Meal (MBG) program, discussed by Rector Intiyas Utami with Presidential Advisory Council member Wiranto on September 12, 2024. The initiative aims to provide variety for students in Salatiga, featuring appealing options like wheat burgers to enhance nutritional offerings. Wiranto welcomed the proposal, suggesting local government involvement.(Jateng Disway)

Kazakhstan - Kazakhstan Harvests Nearly 8 Million Tons Of Grain
Kazakhstan harvested nearly 8 million tons of grain from over 5.4 million hectares, averaging 14.7 quintals per hectare. Wheat contributed 5.4 million tons from 3.7 million hectares, barley 1.9 million tons from 1.2 million hectares, and oats 145.9 thousand tons from 99.4 thousand hectares. The harvest utilized 149.9 thousand tractors and 37.6 thousand combines.(Ulysmedia.kz | ElDala.kz | АПК-Информ On-Line)

Turkey - Turkey Introduces New Plant Production Support Model For 2025-2027
Turkey's Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry introduced a new support model for plant production, effective from 2025-2027, published on August 29, 2024. Key support values include 244 lira per decare for basic support, with specific amounts for barley, wheat (317.2 lira), sunflower (366 lira), and cotton (549 lira). Additional supports include certified seeds and rental aid for licensed warehouses.(AKDENİZ GERÇEK)

Turkey - Tmo Grain Sales Start September 12, Prices 11,450 Tl Wheat
TMO has initiated grain sales from September 12, offering bread wheat, durum wheat, barley, rye, oats, and triticale to individuals and organizations. Payments are accepted in cash or credit cards until September 25, with delivery by September 30. This effort aims to stabilize the market amid rising demand, with specific prices set for grains.(Urfadabugun.com | Kayseri Olay | CNBC.ecom | Ekonomim | Son Dakika | Dünya Gazetesi)

Turkey - Kavilca Wheat Harvest Begins With 170 Producers Cultivating 4,350 Decares
The Kavılca wheat harvest has commenced in Ardahan, involving 170 producers across approximately 4,350 decares. This ancient grain, recently recognized with a geographical indication certificate, is gaining popularity. Farmer Burak Taştan highlighted the commitment to increase production of this unaltered wheat annually, underscoring its significance for healthy food supply and agricultural heritage.(Akşam Haberi | Ajans Konya Haber | Haberport | İzmir Gündem Haber | Afyon Haber | Haberler Özel | Halk TV | Ege Telgraf | Aksiyon)

Turkey - Turkey'S Agriculture Gdp Reaches $68.5 Billion, Prices Rise
Turkey's agricultural GDP reached $68.5 billion, surpassing France and Russia, with the country ranking sixth globally. Deputy Minister Ebubekir Gizligider emphasized production planning to tackle import issues. Meanwhile, rising prices of wheat, corn, and barley are boosting farmers' income and enhancing market stability.(Son Dakika | Karamandan.com)

United Arab Emirates - Sharjah Distributes 15 Tons Of Wheat Seeds To 800 Farmers
The Sharjah Department of Agriculture and Livestock has launched phase 3 of its wheat seed distribution initiative, providing non-genetically modified seeds to enhance food security and self-sufficiency. This phase follows the distribution of 15 tons to 800 farmers. The initiative promotes sustainable practices and offers guidance programs and modern equipment to encourage productive farming.(Sharjah24)

Argentina - Argentina'S Hb4 Gmo Wheat Now Available After 54,000 Hectares
For the first time, Argentine farmers can sell their HB4 GMO wheat harvests, approved by European authorities. Bioceres, which tested these varieties on 400 hectares in 2019 and expanded to 54,000 hectares in 2023, aims for global acceptance. Ten countries, including Brazil and Australia, have approved imports, with consumption expected in Asia and South America by December 2024.(Réussir)

Argentina - Argentina Remains Key Wheat Exporter Amid Global Competition Challenges
Argentina has established itself as a key global wheat exporter due to its fertile lands and agricultural tradition. Despite facing competition from countries like Russia and the U.S., along with challenges from climate change and trade barriers, Argentina continues to adapt and innovate. Technological advancements and trade agreements, particularly within Mercosur, are crucial for maintaining its market presence and competitiveness.(Reporte Asia)

Brazil - 2024 Harvest Sees Increased Production Of Cotton, Beans, Rice, Wheat
The 2024 harvest is expected to see increased production of cotton, beans, rice, and wheat, according to IBGE data.(Folha Vitória)

Brazil - August Estimates Indicate 6.0% Decline In 2024 Harvest
Estimates for August indicate a 6.0% decline in the 2024 harvest.(SBA - Sistema Brasileiro do Agronegócio)

Brazil - 25% Wheat Maturation In Ijuí, Brazil'S Production Down 4.3%
About 25% of wheat is in maturation, grain filling, and flowering stages in the Ijuí region, covering 309,884 hectares. Brazil's wheat production is projected at 8.13 million tons in 2024, down 4.3%. Wheat prices in Santa Catarina reach R$ 1,700, while imports hit a two-year high at R$ 1,501.60.(Rádio Progresso de Ijuí | Radio Sudamericana | Agrolink | SiteBarra | Revista Cultivar | Brasil 61 | Noticia Max)

Brazil - Brazil'S Grain Production Estimated At 298.41 Million Tons
Brazil's grain production for 2023/24 is estimated at 298.41 million tons, a 6.7% decline from last year. Rio Grande do Sul's output is projected to rise 34.5% to 37.1 million tons. Key crops include soybeans (19.65 million tons), corn (4.85 million tons), rice (7.16 million tons), and wheat (4.19 million tons).(Grupo Ceres de Comunicação | Radio Sobradinho AM | Revista Globo Rural | Jornal Boa Vista | Qué Pasa | Mirian Gasparin | Band Jornalismo | Agência IBGE Notícias)

Canada - Manitoba Wheat Reports Mixed Fusarium Levels Affecting Crop Quality
Manitoba wheat is experiencing mixed levels of fusarium, impacting crop quality. The variances in fusarium presence could influence yield and market prices, highlighting the importance of monitoring and managing this fungal disease in wheat production.(Manitobe Co-Operator)

U.S. - Perennial Wheat Kernza Yields 20% Of Annual Wheat Урожай
Perennial wheat, known as Kernza, offers a more sustainable alternative to annual crops, promoting a diverse microbiome and requiring less water and chemicals, as confirmed by researchers from the TU Graz. However, its yield is only 20% that of annual wheat. Kernza is permitted for food production in the U.S., with products like bread and beer already available.(Perambranews)

U.S. - Large Carry-Over Sales Boost U.S. Grain Exports, Record Yields
Large carry-over sales are enhancing U.S. grain exports, stabilizing prices and boosting competitiveness globally. Meanwhile, record-high yield expectations for U.S. crops remain unchanged, indicating strong agricultural performance driven by favorable weather and effective farming practices, potentially impacting market dynamics and pricing significantly.(MarketWatch | MarketWatch)

US - Us Wheat Output Steady; Global Production Projected To Decline
U.S. wheat output and stocks estimates remain steady, while global wheat production is projected to decline. The USDA's World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report highlights these trends, indicating potential shifts in the market dynamics for wheat.(AgriCensus)

USA - Wheat Futures Hit Highest Price Since July At $5.9175
Wheat futures for December delivery rose by 2.2% to $5.9175 per bushel, marking the highest price since July. The increase is driven by supply concerns following an attack on a ship carrying Ukrainian grain to Egypt, alongside forecasts of lower wheat yields in major exporting countries like Russia and France.(Puls Biznesu)

United States - Bioceres Commits To U.S. Wheat Development After Usda Approval
Bioceres Crop Science is set to develop U.S. wheat varieties after receiving USDA deregulation approval on August 29 for the HB4® drought-tolerance trait. CEO Federico Trucco noted the importance of approvals in export markets and plans collaboration with industry participants, acknowledging significant development work is necessary before commercial sales. GM wheat adoption raises important benefits and risks, affecting agriculture and market dynamics.(US Wheat Associates | Capital Press)

Egypt - Gasc Rumored To Buy Wheat Privately, Details Unconfirmed
Egypt's General Authority for Supply Commodities (GASC) is rumored to be considering private wheat purchases, although these reports remain unconfirmed. Further details on the volumes or prices involved have not been disclosed. The situation is being monitored closely by market participants.(AgriCensus)

Egypt - Occupied Vessel Carrying 10,000 Tons Of Wheat Struck By Missile
An occupied vessel carrying wheat for Egypt was struck by a missile.(Интернет издание Багнет)

Egypt - Egypt Buys 430,000 Tons Of Russian Wheat At $233 Each
Egypt's GASC purchased 430,000 metric tons of Russian wheat for $233 per ton, bypassing traditional tender processes. The deal, involving a Dubai-registered intermediary with military ties, aims to secure 3.8 million tons by the end of 2024 amidst high inflation and currency challenges. A direct supplier offer was $231 per ton, potentially excluding transport costs.(ZAWYA | Социальные новости | Русская служба The Moscow Times | Правда.Ру)

Zimbabwe - Afc Boosts Zimbabwe Wheat Harvesting; 20,000 Tonnes Expected
The Agricultural Finance Corporation is providing combines to enhance wheat harvesting efficiency in Zimbabwe, addressing food security challenges. Goromonzi District anticipates a winter wheat harvest of 20,000 tonnes. In 2023, Zimbabwe produced 468,000 tons of wheat from 90,186 hectares, exceeding self-sufficiency goals by 30%, with plans to expand cultivation to 120,000 hectares in 2024.(The Herald | Chronicle | Krishak Jagat English)

World - September Wasde Anticipates Historically Large Crop Yields
Historically large crop yields are expected for September, as indicated in the WASDE report. The report suggests significant production levels, which may impact market dynamics. Further details on specific crop numbers and forecasts were not provided due to access issues with the website.(Farm Progress)

World - Wheat Seeds Sales Market Projected Growth At X.X% Cagr By 2026
The global wheat seeds sales market is segmented by type and application, with significant regional differences. Key drivers include technological advancements and investments in renewable energy, while challenges involve regulatory scrutiny and geopolitical tensions. Major consumers span finance, retail, healthcare, and manufacturing. The market size is projected to grow at a CAGR of X.X% from 2021 to 2026.(Daily News Mirror)

World - Wheat Farmers Innovate Amid 8.1 Billion Global Population Challenges
The article reflects on wheat breeding innovations a decade after the first deregulation of biotechnology traits by USDA-APHIS. With a global population exceeding 8.1 billion, wheat farmers face challenges from pests and climate. Conventional and modern biotechnology are essential for developing disease-resistant varieties and improving yields. Recent discoveries may enhance resistance without compromising wheat quality.(US Wheat Associates)

World - Wheat Production Threatened By 69 Million Tons By 2050
The wheat blast disease, caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum, threatens global wheat production by 13%, affecting 13.5 million hectares. Currently impacting 6.4 million hectares, it could result in annual losses of 69 million tons by 2050. Vulnerable regions, especially in South America, may see increased risks, extending to the U.S., Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.(Climatempo | CenárioMT)

Russia - Kursk Region Analyzes New Grain Harvest Quality In Laboratories
In the Kursk region, laboratories are analyzing the quality of the new grain harvest. This initiative aims to ensure that the grain meets necessary standards and contributes to food security. The focus is on maintaining high quality in agricultural production.(Курские Известия)

Russia - Russia Maintains 60 Million Tons Grain Export Forecast
Russia's Ministry of Agriculture maintains its 2024/25 grain export forecast at 60 million tons. Additionally, Russia may supply 2.5 million tons of grain to Iraq. Wheat exports to Africa rose by 14.4% to 14.8 million tons, with Egypt importing 6.8 million tons. The government aims for grain exports to exceed $55 billion by 2030.(АПК-Информ On-Line | Агротренд | Big News Network | Malaysia Sun)

Russia - Scientists Boost Crop Yields By Over 50% To 63%
Scientists at Yaroslavl State Technical University have created an eco-friendly growth stimulant that boosts wheat yields by over 50%. It enhances seed germination and root systems, achieving yield increases of 41.2% to 63%. The product is cost-effective, based on domestic materials, and will have a new product concept and promotion strategy developed soon.(Правда.Ру | Infox.ru | ROSNG.RU | Национальное аграрное агентство)

Australia - Australia'S Wheat Harvest Expected At 31.83 Million Tons, Up 23%
Australia's wheat harvest for 2024/25 is projected at 31.83 million tons, a 23% increase from the previous year. Barley production is expected to rise by 13% to 12.16 million tons, while canola output may decrease by 8% to 5.47 million tons. Adequate rainfall is anticipated to support winter crops.(schweizerbauer.ch | Head Topics | top agrar online | АПК-Информ On-Line)